1
A small farmer, Ramesh, cultivates wheat on his 2-hectare land. He uses traditional farming methods and depends heavily on monsoon rains. He also keeps a few goats for milk and sells them in the local market. His family members help him in all the farm activities. Identify the primary sector activities in which Ramesh is engaged. 3marks
2
Consider the following two scenarios:Scenario A: A tailor stitches clothes using a sewing machine in his small shop. He buys the cloth from a wholesaler and sells the stitched garments to customers.Scenario B: A software engineer works for a multinational company in a large office building, developing new applications for mobile phones.Which scenario represents the tertiary sector and why? 3marks
3
Assertion (A): The service sector has become the largest producing sector in India.Reason (R): Development in agriculture and industry, rising income levels, and new services based on IT have increased the demand for various services.Choose the correct option:(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.(c) A is true but R is false.(d) A is false but R is true. 1mark
4
Read the following passage and answer the questions:"In India, a significant number of workers are employed in the primary sector, mainly agriculture. However, this sector contributes only a fraction of the Gross Value Added (GVA). Conversely, the secondary and tertiary sectors produce a larger portion of GVA but employ comparatively fewer people. This disparity indicates that many people in agriculture are underemployed."(a) What does 'underemployment' mean in the context of the passage? [1 mark](b) Explain why the primary sector, despite employing a large number of people, has a lower contribution to GVA. 2marks
5
A group of students visited a local market. They observed the following:
- A vegetable vendor selling fresh produce on the street.
- A small shopkeeper selling groceries.
- A mechanic repairing bicycles and motorcycles.
- A construction worker employed by a contractor.
Identify which of these are examples of workers in the unorganised sector and explain why. [3 marks]
6
Consider the following statements about the organized and unorganized sectors:Statement 1: Workers in the organized sector have job security and paid holidays.Statement 2: Workers in the unorganized sector are not protected by laws and often face exploitation.Which of the above statements is/are correct?(a) Only Statement 1(b) Only Statement 2(c) Both Statement 1 and Statement 2(d) Neither Statement 1 nor Statement 2 1mark
7
The government plans to set up a new thermal power plant in a rural area.(a) Which sector of the economy does this activity primarily belong to? [1 mark](b) Explain why such infrastructure projects are often undertaken by the public sector. 2marks
8
A local factory manufactures toys. It uses plastic raw materials, paints, and machinery. The toys are then sold to wholesalers who distribute them to retail shops, from where consumers buy them.(a) Identify the primary, secondary, and tertiary sector activities involved in this chain. [3 marks](b) If the factory owner decided to import the toys instead of manufacturing them, how might this affect the employment in the secondary sector of the region? 2marks
9
Assertion (A): The unorganised sector provides essential services but lacks job security and benefits for its workers.Reason (R): Many enterprises from the organised sector also operate informally to evade taxes and regulations.Choose the correct option:(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.(c) A is true but R is false.(d) A is false but R is true. 1mark
10
A village has a cooperative society that helps farmers by providing them with quality seeds and fertilisers at reasonable prices. The society also helps in procuring their produce like pulses and selling them in nearby towns.(a) To which sector of the economy does this cooperative society's activity primarily relate? [1 mark](b) How does this cooperative society address the problems faced by farmers in the primary sector? 2marks
11
A government report highlighted that while the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has increased significantly over the past two decades, the increase in employment opportunities has not been proportional, especially in the secondary and tertiary sectors.(a) What does this situation suggest about the nature of growth in these sectors? [2 marks](b) Suggest one measure the government could take to address this employment-growth disparity. 1mark
12
Consider the following list of activities:(i) A doctor providing medical services.(ii) A farmer growing wheat.(iii) A factory worker assembling cars.(iv) A teacher educating students.(v) A fisherman.Classify these activities into primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors. 3marks
13
A recent study indicated that a large number of small-scale industries, which are crucial for providing employment in semi-urban areas, often struggle due to lack of access to credit and adequate marketing facilities.(a) Which sector do these small-scale industries primarily fall under? [1 mark](b) How can government support to these industries help in creating more employment? 2marks
14
Assertion (A): The historical shift in developed countries has been from primary to secondary, and then to the tertiary sector.Reason (R): As economies develop, the importance of agriculture diminishes, while industry and services grow.Choose the correct option:(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.(c) A is true but R is false.(d) A is false but R is true. 1mark
15
An individual works as a daily wage labourer, earning very little and having no job security. They have no paid leave or medical facilities. They are often asked to leave without notice.Which sector is this person most likely working in, and what are the implications of this employment condition? 3marks
16
The government of India implements schemes like the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) to provide guaranteed employment.(a) What is the primary objective of such schemes? [1 mark](b) How does providing employment in rural areas contribute to the development of the primary and tertiary sectors? 2marks
17
A group of friends were discussing their summer jobs.
- Rohan worked at a call centre.
- Priya helped her father in his grocery store.
- Amit worked at a construction site as a helper.
Identify the sector each of them is working in and briefly explain your reasoning. [3 marks]
18
The government decides to invest in building better roads, improving irrigation facilities, and establishing cold storage units in agricultural regions.Explain how these initiatives can lead to increased employment and better economic development in the primary and tertiary sectors. 3marks
19
Consider the following data about a city:Total Workers: 15,00,000Workers in Organised Sector: 4,00,000Total Income Generated: Rs 60,000 millionIncome generated in Organised Sector: Rs 32,000 million(a) Calculate the number of workers and income generated in the unorganised sector. [2 marks](b) What does this data suggest about the employment scenario and economic contribution of the unorganised sector in this city? 2marks
20
Assertion (A): Public sector undertakings are crucial for providing essential services like healthcare and education.Reason (R): Private sector may not provide these services at affordable costs or to all sections of society due to profit motives.Choose the correct option:(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.(c) A is true but R is false.(d) A is false but R is true. 1mark
Answers
1
Ramesh is engaged in:
- Cultivating wheat (agriculture): Primary sector.
- Keeping goats for milk and selling them: Dairy and animal husbandry, which are allied activities of the primary sector. [3 marks]
2
Scenario B represents the tertiary sector. This is because the activity involves providing a service (software development) rather than producing a good. While Scenario A also involves a service (tailoring), the emphasis in Scenario B is on a service that aids other economic activities or is a direct service to consumers, characteristic of the tertiary sector's diverse nature, especially modern services. 3marks
3
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. 1mark
4
(a) Underemployment means that people are working, but their labour is being divided among too many individuals, and they are not fully employed to their potential. They are working less than they are capable of doing. 1mark(b) The primary sector, particularly agriculture, employs a large workforce because many family members work on small plots of land, and there are fewer alternative employment opportunities. However, due to lower productivity per worker, traditional methods, and often small landholdings, its contribution to the overall Gross Value Added (GVA) is lower compared to sectors like industry and services where productivity per worker is higher. [2 marks]
5
The following are examples of workers in the unorganised sector:
- Vegetable vendor selling fresh produce on the street: Operates independently with no formal registration, low and irregular income, and no job security.
- Mechanic repairing bicycles and motorcycles: Often works in a small, unregistered workshop with no fixed hours, low pay, and no benefits.
- Construction worker employed by a contractor: Daily wage labourer with no job security, paid leave, or other benefits; employment depends on the availability of contracts.
The small shopkeeper might be in the organised sector if registered and following rules, but often small shops operate informally, making them part of the unorganised sector. [3 marks]
6
(c) Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct. 1mark
7
(a) This activity primarily belongs to the secondary sector (industrial activity involving manufacturing and processing, though power generation is often considered a core industry or service). Alternatively, it can be considered part of the tertiary sector if viewed as providing an essential service. However, given it's a 'plant', secondary is more fitting. 1mark(b) Such infrastructure projects are often undertaken by the public sector because:
- They require huge capital investment, which may be beyond the capacity of private individuals or companies.
- They provide essential services to society (electricity) that might not be profitable for private entities to provide to all, especially in remote areas.
- Ensuring availability and affordability of electricity for all citizens and industries is a government responsibility. [2 marks]
8
(a)
- Primary Sector: Not directly involved in this manufacturing chain, but the raw materials (like oil for plastic, or natural materials if any) originate here.
- Secondary Sector: Manufacturing of toys in the factory (using plastic, machinery).
- Tertiary Sector: Wholesalers (trade), retail shops (trade), transportation of toys. [3 marks]
(b) If the factory started importing toys instead of manufacturing them, it would likely lead to a significant decrease in employment in the secondary sector of the region. The toy manufacturing units might close down, leading to job losses for factory workers, engineers, and supervisors involved in production. [2 marks]
9
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. 1mark
10
(a) The cooperative society's activity primarily relates to the primary sector (supporting farmers) and also has strong tertiary sector components (procuring and selling, which involves trade and services). 1mark(b) The cooperative society addresses farmers' problems by:
- Providing affordable inputs: Supplying seeds and fertilisers at reasonable prices reduces the cost of cultivation.
- Ensuring fair prices and market access: Procuring produce and selling it in towns helps farmers get better prices than selling to local traders immediately after harvest, thus addressing debt burden and low prices. [2 marks]
11
(a) This situation suggests that the growth in the secondary and tertiary sectors in India has been largely "jobless growth." This means that production has increased, but without a corresponding increase in employment opportunities. This could be due to increased mechanisation, automation, or a focus on capital-intensive industries rather than labour-intensive ones. 2marks(b) The government could focus on promoting labour-intensive industries (like textiles, food processing, tourism) and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) which tend to create more jobs per unit of investment. Encouraging skill development programs aligned with industry needs could also help. [1 mark]
12.
- Primary Sector: (ii) A farmer growing wheat, (v) A fisherman.
- Secondary Sector: (iii) A factory worker assembling cars.
- Tertiary Sector: (i) A doctor providing medical services, (iv) A teacher educating students. [3 marks]
13
(a) These small-scale industries primarily fall under the secondary sector (manufacturing) and often operate within the unorganised sector. 1mark(b) Government support can help these industries by:
- Access to Credit: Providing loans at reasonable interest rates allows them to purchase raw materials and upgrade machinery.
- Marketing Facilities: Helping them with market linkages, promoting their products, and establishing platforms for sale can increase their reach and revenue, leading to more employment. [2 marks]
14
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. 1mark
15
This person is most likely working in the unorganised sector. The implications of this employment condition are severe:
- Low and Irregular Income: Earnings are minimal and not guaranteed.
- No Job Security: The worker can be dismissed without reason.
- Lack of Benefits: No paid leave, medical facilities, or retirement benefits.
- Exploitation: Workers are vulnerable to exploitation by employers due to lack of regulations. [3 marks]
16
(a) The primary objective of schemes like MGNREGA is to guarantee at least 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to every rural household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. It aims to provide livelihood security and reduce distress migration. 1mark(b) Providing employment in rural areas can contribute to development by:
- Primary Sector: Schemes often involve work like building small irrigation canals, improving land, and constructing water conservation structures, which directly benefit agriculture and increase its productivity. This can lead to higher incomes for farmers and allied activities.
- Tertiary Sector: Increased income for rural households leads to higher demand for goods and services like transport, retail trade, communication, and education, thus boosting the tertiary sector. Infrastructure development (roads, storage) also directly supports tertiary sector activities. [2 marks]
17.
- Rohan (Call Centre): Tertiary Sector (Service sector, specifically IT-enabled services).
- Priya (Grocery Store): Tertiary Sector (Trade and commerce). If it's a small, family-run store without formal registration, it might be considered unorganised.
- Amit (Construction Site): Secondary Sector (construction is an industrial activity), but typically employs workers in the unorganised sector. [3 marks]
18
These initiatives can lead to increased employment and better economic development by:
- Primary Sector:
- Irrigation facilities: Allow for multiple crops, increased yields, and diversification, leading to more work opportunities for farmers and agricultural labourers.
- Cold Storage Units: Enable farmers to store produce like fruits and vegetables, reducing spoilage and allowing them to sell when prices are favourable, increasing their income.
- Tertiary Sector:
- Better Roads: Facilitate easier and cheaper transportation of agricultural produce to markets, boosting trade and logistics services.
- Cold Storage Units: Create jobs in warehousing, logistics, and management.
- Increased agricultural output and better market access stimulate demand for related services like finance, insurance, and retail. [3 marks]
19
(a)
- Number of workers in the unorganised sector: Total Workers - Workers in Organised Sector = 15,00,000 - 4,00,000 = 11,00,000 workers.
- Income generated in the unorganised sector: Total Income - Income in Organised Sector = Rs 60,000 million - Rs 32,000 million = Rs 28,000 million. [2 marks]
(b) This data suggests that in this city, the unorganised sector is much larger in terms of both employment (11,00,000 workers vs 4,00,000) and a significant contributor to the total income (Rs 28,000 million vs Rs 32,000 million). This indicates that despite employing a majority, the income generated per worker in the unorganised sector is much lower than in the organised sector, highlighting potential issues of low wages and productivity. [2 marks]
20
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. 1mark
